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There are things called routers that...route traffic. A dumbed down version is routers talk to other routers to find out what they know about.
If a game server you connect to matches you with someone in Japan, your computer sends a packet with the address in Japan attached to it. Your home router probably has no clue where that is, so it goes to its upstream router and asks if they know, this process repeats until one figures it out and you get a route.
This all happens very quickly, and it's why people say the Internet routes around damage.
That sounds like quite a messy and inefficient process! But I guess as long as it can be done quickly enough, it doesn't really matter?
I think the previous comment omitted something, which is why you think it's inefficient: routers don't ask for directions every packet, they record the directions in their route table.
At the back-bone scale of the internet, routers actually announce the addresses they are responsible for.
Paths are judged by how specific these announcements are. A router announcing a single IP is the preffered destination, compared to a router that announces a block that contains it. So routers will forward it to whichever router more accurately describes the destination IP.
This makes up part of the calculated Path Cost of various routes to reach a destination.
If router A tries to contact router D and knows that router B and C can both forward that packet, router A will send it to the router that announced the lowest path cost to D.
Its a lot more complicated than that, but that is how datacenters can disappear from the internet (by wrongly announcing they no longer have a path to the IPs inside the datacenter), or how a small ISP can accidentally route the entire internet through their network (by accidentally announcing extremely low path costs). Both of these have happened.
https://blog.cloudflare.com/october-2021-facebook-outage/
https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-verizon-and-a-bgp-optimizer-knocked-large-parts-of-the-internet-offline-today/
So, the internet is both fragile and resilient.
It can route around damage, but cannot deal with mistakes/maliciousness above a certain "ring" of control.
and this kids, is why we don't like cloudflare, and DNS services.