this post was submitted on 06 Jul 2023
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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You didn't mention why you're trying to bind-mount your /data volume from your initramfs environment, but the only reason I can even guess at is that you're trying to use it as part of your recovery environment. In which case, you'd probably be better served by doing the recovery from an Ubuntu live usb rather than try to cobble together a working environment from the shrapnel you left scattered across your drive.
This process should literally look like -- boot, mount drives, rsync /usr back to root volume, clean up fstab/any other config changes, reboot, try again later after you've done more reading.
I'm surprised you can't put /usr on a separate partition. Back in my SunOS days, we used to NFS mount /usr on all our workstations.
There was a movement to make /bin /sbin etc symlinks to /usr a few back. I honestly don't remember the rationale, but here's Debian's page about the change: https://wiki.debian.org/UsrMerge. If I hadn't been following the distros at the exact moment they did the changeover it probably would have thrown me for a loop too.
I think it had to do with the fact that these days relatively few people need /usr on a separate partiton and so it very rarely happens and something about system binaries being easier to manage if they're actually all in one place. People are ready for some tweaks to the FHS, I guess.