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This is a common pattern, typically called a "jump host" or "bastion host".
When it comes to security, I typically recommend against rolling your own. SSH already has agent forwarding option to do this securely and the -J option to accomplish the same without even needing to forward the key. The agent can seem complex at first, it's actually pretty simple and worth learning.
Feel free to message me if you have more questions, I've got lots of experience w/ SSH.
I did not know -J, I rolled my own because I've been doing it forever and many of my tricks (non-ssh included) aren't as easily portable across different os's.
For some reason ssh-copy-id has been failing for me sometimes lately because it can't reach the agent, while cat always works, but I never learned much about the user agent, let me look into that now, thanks for the tip!
I think -J is newer and may not work if you have distro versions older than like 5 years (eg. Centos 7 or before). There is a less convenient syntax that does the same thing though
$ ssh -o ProxyCommand="ssh -W %h:%p bastion-host" remote-hostSee: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/ssh-proxy-bastion-proxyjump