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I recommend a UPS, even a small one is fine for this. Spinning disks don't like frequent starts and stops, especially not unplanned powerless ones.
At least you should be running a journaling file system or something similar which tolerates power loss decently (you'll still see data corruption, but the file system won't die). If you run software that doesn't tolerate power loss well, then you absolutely need an UPS
This is my HDD. Aren't these guys able to handle power losses since people usually plug them in to backup stuff, and then pull the plug once they're done?
And does ext4 count as a journaling file system?
It counts as long as barriers are on
https://archive.kernel.org/oldwiki/ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Howto.html#Barriers_on_by_default
External drives expect you to ensure writes complete first. If you don't then smart software with copy-on-write and consistency checks can survive power loss (at the cost of losing recent changes). Other software which assumes a reliable drive can get wrecked.
Lots of file systems can not handle random power losses because they don't force continous integrity of the disk file system, that's why FAT formatted drives so often get corrupted
It's not good to power off a mounted drive. At least for the file system. I don't know about the drive itself.
Find a used one for sale. Bonus points if it has any kind of management. Replace the battery. If at all possible, have it unmount the drive at a certain percentage.