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Whatever you're not familiar in the digital textbook OCaml Programming: Correct + Efficient + Beautiful
There's a whole chapter on modules
There's also a section on Monads
You should also know that there is a schism in OCaml ecosystem created by the libraries developed by Jane Street and the those developed by INRIA.
I did see the Jane street stuff. Is it better to use them instead of the standard library?
I don't know if one is better than the other, but knowing that certain libraries are incompatible based on this bifurcation is a good thing to remember.
The jargon you mention is mostly associated with Haskell so you might want to study that too. It has a steeper learning curve but will expand your mind more. Ocaml is great but it's more like what you are used to, especially if you're comfortable with TS. Missing from your list is Ocaml's module system which is more serious than Haskell's, so you should spend some time on it.
For Haskell, see the online books learnyouahaskell.com and https://book.realworldhaskell.org/ . Both of those are now kind of old, but will get you started. Edit: realworldhaskell link fixed.
My fear with Haskell is that I will end up trying to learn category theory, which will be a much bigger time sink. But I suppose it is the natural next step.
Thanks for the pointer on the module system! I'll study that next.
CT as used in Haskell isn't a big deal. I found that it demystified a lot so was worth looking into, but really, it's optional. This tutorial is good:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Category_theory
Even more optional, after the above try this:
https://www.haskellforall.com/2012/08/the-category-design-pattern.html
Algebraic datatypes is a huge part of typed functional programming for me, you should read up on that!
For the jargon part: See this Github repo. It ain't exhaustive, but it's a start.
Other than that, all I have to add is that functional programming does not necessarily imply static typing. There is a whole world of Scheme-variants that are dynamically typed.
