Rule OF Law vs Rule BY Law
The Rule OF Law strives to maintains the dignity of the individual. The Rule OF Law is supposed to lift law above politics. The idea is that the law should stand above every powerful person and agency in the land.
The Rule BY Law strives to control the individual.
The Rule BY law, in contrast, connotes the instrumental use of law as a tool of political power.
It means that the state uses law to control its citizens but tries never to allow law to be used to control the state.
The Rule BY law is associated with the debasement of legality by authoritarian regimes, China for example.
A short history of what happens to Presidents in Peru From 2000 to now.
Alberto Fujimori July 1990 to November 2000 (10 years +) Imprisoned, Corruption and crimes against humanity.
Valentin Panaigua November 2000 to July 2001 (9 months) Transitional President
Alejandro Toledo July 2001 to July 2006 (5 years) Extradited, money laundering, collusion.
Alan Garcia July 2006 to July 2011 (5 years) Suicide, accused of bribery and corruption.
Ollanta Humala July 2011 to July 2016 (5 years) Imprisoned, accused of bribery and corruption. That’s two Presidents in a row!
Pedro Kuczynski July 2016 to March 2018 (almost 2 years) Under House arrest, accused of bribery. At least there is no corruption (charges).
Martin Vizcarra March 2018 to November 2020 (2 ½ years +) Ousted in Coup. Accusations of moral competence.
Manuel Merino SIX DAYS (6 DAYS) Resigned due to protests and riots.
Francisco Sagasti November 2020 to July 2021 (9 months) Transitional President
Pedro Castillo July 2021 to December 2022 (1 ½ years) Detained. In custody, attempt to dissolve Congress.