From my perspective it would seem that only the efi is giving issues and you should look there for any issues, I don't know enough about the efi to give solid advice. I think it is strange that it is causing you hardware issues, perhaps it is running out of memory to execute the functions it needs to read your systems hardware, alas, I do not know about efi very well.
A cheaper fix for later on if need be, get an external hdd/ssd enclosure that you can plug into a computer via usb and do the programattic things like partitioning again that way, you would need to make a file system etc on it and replug it in an run the install iso on it again, probably can do it from the usb too, but probably not as convenient
It just seems odd because you should be able to launch the machine with a live USB and are able to totally remove the native storage device and launch with only the live USB inserted.
If you havent tried that I would try that. Make sure you shut everything down and ground yourself to the machine by putting your finger on the ground prong ( the place the power cord goes into). Also before grounding youself, after unplugging the machine, press and hold the power button and press it several times to dissipate any latent voltage still in the capacitors on the system to really avoid ESD (electro static discharge)