Drag down from the upper right corner of the screen, which brings up a panel of quick controls. The flashlight is one of them.
As you identified, there is also the lock screen as an option, or apps that will activate it if you want to go that route. Since app activation is the least efficient way of doing it, they don’t build it into the phone by default so that new users are nudged into building a better habit with the available shortcuts.
By looking for the flashlight, a new user will discover the shortcuts for the remote, calculator, and much more. All of this is explained clearly in their device welcome tour, online documentation, and in-store setup experience.
I understand it may not be as customizable as an android, but it isn’t exactly Apple’s fault if a user doesn’t use the myriad of options to familiarize themself with the basic controls, just like it isn’t Honda’s fault if someone doesn’t learn the basic symbols in a car, like how to identify which side the gas tank is on.
The resources are all there and are suggested to you from the second you set up the phone for the first time.
No problem. For what it’s worth, they changed the location of that shortcut around a decade ago, but the menu remains the same.