then why did you link them?
anyway, the point here is that they are the ones making claims, so they have the burden of proof.
as I told you already, corporations lie to their customers all the time, so it is always better to be safe and wait for the actual proof before trusting any of them.
have you ever checked them?
could you point me to where any of them proves that Proton isn't actually collecting any data?
because I am only reading about penetration tests and such, which only tell me that their software is reliable against attackers, but that is not the point of the discussion.
also it seems there is no audit for their AI assistant at the link you provided.
can you link me your source about Proton being "proven to not keep any other data"?
welcome to the real world, where corporations lie.
Proton allegedly does it.
It's all just advertising, until you get the hard evidence.
i don't assume they are lying, I simply don't blindly believe their advertising claims without tangible evidence.
for example your claim of "no logging" is at best partially false, since their own privacy policy clearly states that IP addresses are at least temporarily collected, always and without exceptions.
who is the owner and how the company is funded is not important here, they are selling products and advertising them through claims that need verification.