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Every car in the world uses a closed loop cooling system that does not consume water.
This is comparing apples and oranges though. Automotive cooling systems are designed for a very different problem set than datacenter cooling systems. The temperature gradients are much larger in ICE systems, they need to be small, light, and portable, and they cool something that generates much more variable heat loads.
A data center creates a consistent heat load, is stationary, with access to a source of water that is functionally limitless to the operators, cools a much smaller gradient and needs to do so in the most economical way possible to be as profitable as it can be to the owners. Evaporative coolers are dead simple, very effective, and scale very easily which is why they are used.
Car cooling systems are stupidly expensive, run at temps that would damage computer CPUs, run outside, and have a really nice advantage over computers which is that at higher heat loads they also tend to go faster thus cooling them off faster.
Now imagine you redlined a dozen cars for days on end in a garage in the middle of the summer do you think you might damage some components?
It is still very possible to use closed loop cooling on data centers but any system you build needs to be able to work in summer temps which can be as high as 35-40C and needs to do that without letting the computers exceed 60C. An air cooled system to handle that much heat is going to be very expensive and use a ton of power (and power generation also uses water)
While you're effectively right in your comparison, you also must understand the difference between electronic data center cooling vs vehicle engine cooling.
Vehicle engines run best at a higher temperature range than electronics, so they install a thermostat, to literally bring the engine temperature up to a suitable range for ideal performance. But the thermostat is not necessary (unless you live near cold polar regions and want heat).
The thermostat can be safely removed from vehicles in more comfortable climates and the vehicle will run just fine, but just quite a bit cooler.
So, take the concept of a closed loop cooling system, remove the thermostat from the equation, and you got a more viable closed loop system more suitable to keep electronics cool.
You're almost right, but there do exist air cooled engines with no conventional radiator or water/antifreeze pump..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine
Many motorcycles also use air cooling.
Some aircraft engines, too. The old single-engine Cessnas I trained on were air-cooled. Though that's pretty easy when you're pushing cool, atmospheric air over the engine at 100 knots.