We just say what we feel out loud tbh. And since ours is a bit younger than yours, we also frequently ask what they are feeling and why they have these feelings.
"I had a bad day at work, that's why I don't want to play right now. This has nothing to do with you and will go away soon."
"I am getting a little annoyed when you scream at me constantly, even when I asked you to stop. I told you I am making dinner for all of us. What feelings do you have right now - are you angry or sad? Why?"
These sound a bit stilted in English. If I ever lose my temper - mostly boils down to the rare loud "Ey!" when they're doing something bad and are not at all reacting to me - I immediately apologize for being loud and explain why I got angry.